Mahatma Gandhi:
The Father of the Nation of India, Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi, popularly known as Mahatma Gandhi, also as Bapu, is one of the greatest sons Mother India has ever produced. He had been always on the path of honesty and non-violence. He has followed the path of truthfulness since his childhood. Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi was born on 2nd October in 1869 into a Gujarati Hindu Modh Bania family in Porbandar. His father was Karamchand Uttamchand Gandhi, a dewan of Porbandar state and his mother was Putlibai. As a child he was restless but he was humble. Twisting dogs' ears was his one of favourite pastimes. He was very studious and had the habit to study out of school textbooks also. His moral values were developed from the books of Hindu Puranas, especially the stories of King Harishchandra and Shravana had a great impact on him in his early childhood. In his autobiography My Experience with Truth, he admits that they left a permanent impression on his mind. He writes: " It haunted me and I must have acted Harishchandra to myself times without number." Each time he read the story of Shravana he could not help but weep.
In 1887, at the age of 18 years, Gandhi graduated from his school in Ahmedabad. In 1888, he enrolled at Samaldas College at Bhavnagar state but did not continue. Later, in the same year, Gandhi attended the University of College in London, a constituent college of the University of London. He studied law and jurisprudence there. In 1891, Gandhi was called to the bar and left London for India.
In1893, Gandhi set sail to South Africa to be the lawyer for one of his clients at the age of 23 years. In South Africa, he spent 21 years and developed his political views, ethics, and politics. There he helped found the Natal Indian Congress in 1894. In 1906, at a mass protest meeting held in Johannesburg, Gandhi adopted his Satyagraha, or non-violence for the first time. Gandhi's ideas of protests, persuasion skills, and public relations had emerged. He took this back to India in 1915.
At the request of Gopal Krishna Gokhale, Gandhi returned to India in 1915. He brought already an international reputation as a leading Indian nationalist, theorist, and community organizer. Gandhi joined Indian National Congress and was introduced to Indian issues, Indian people, and politics primarily by Gokhale. During World War I, in 1918, the Viceroy invited Gandhi to a war conference in Delhi where Gandhi agreed to actively recruit Indians for the war. Of course, Gandhi's recruitment campaign brought into question consistency in his non-violence. The Satyagraha civil disobedience movement by the leadership of Gandhi followed, with people assembling to protest the Rowlatt Act. on 30 March 1919, when British officers opened fire on an assembly of unarmed people. Gandhi expanded a non-violent, non-cooperation movement to include the swadeshi policy, which is not to use foreign-made goods, especially British goods. In 1928, Gandhi pushed through a resolution at the Calcutta Congress calling on the British government to grant India dominion status or face a new campaign of non-cooperation with complete independence for the country as its goal. The British did not respond favourably to Gandhi's proposal. Gandhi led congress in a celebration on 26 January 1930 of India's Independence Day in Lahore. On 12 March 1930, Gandhi started Dandi March or Salt March together with 78 volunteers from Ahmedabad to Dandi with a declared intention of breaking the salt laws.
In March 1931, Gandhi-Irwin Pact was signed; later it was proved a disappointment to Gandhi and the nationalists. During the round table conferences over 1931-32, Gandhi sought constitutional reform as a preparation for the end of British colonial rule, and begin the self-rule by Indians. But, the Britsh sought to reform that would keep the Indian subcontinent as their colony. After the second round table, Gandhi started a new satyagraha and was arrested. When he was in prison the British government enacted a new law, Communal Reward, which was replaced with a compromise Poona Pact due to the Protest of Gandhi in the form of a fast-unto-death.
Gandhi had a clash with Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose, who was the elected president of the Indian National Congress in 1938-1939, based on ideology. As a result, Bose had to leave the INC and move his way to make India free.
During World War II, Gandhi opposed providing any help to the British war effort and called for the British to Quit India in 1942. He urged Indians to Karo ya Maro ( "Do or Die" ) in the cause of their rights and freedom. Gandhi was arrested and after two years he was released in 1944. In the meantime, Muslim League occupied the center of the political stage. And the topic of Muhammad Ali Jinnah's campaign for the demand of Pakistan was a major talking point. Gandhi and Jinnah had extensive correspondence but their political opinions were different. Gandhi insisted on a united religiously plural and independent India but Jinnah insisted to create a separate Muslim India which is now Pakistan. These discussions continued through 1947. The INC and Gandhi called for the British to "Quit India", but Muslim League demanded, "Divide and Quit India". The British accepted Jinnah's proposal of partitioning the land between India and Pakistan. Gandhi was evolved with the final negotiations, but the plan to carve up British India was never approved of or accepted by Gandhi. The partition was controversial and violently disputed causing huge religious riots among Hindus, Muslims, and Sikhs. On 15 August 1947, Gandhi spent the day of Independence not celebrating the end of the British Rule but appealing for peace among his countrymen by fasting and spinning in Calcutta.
On 30 January 1948, at 5:17 pm, on his way to a prayer meeting, Gandhi was shot dead by Nathuram Godse, a Hindu nationalist. His way of Ahimsa and truthfulness is still alive in Humanity.
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